Ebonics Essay - 852 Words

Ebonics Ebonics, which stands for Ebony + Phonics is a new term that Linguistics use to describe Black Dialect or Black English or many of the other names that it has been given for more than 350 years. Ebonics is a language that is a combination of proper English and a combination of African languages. This combination pattern was formed on how certain words are pronounced such as, this and that, would be pronounced dis and dat in Ebonics. In most Ebonics words with the Th. sound has an D sound. These are just some of the many patterns that were created when Africans were forced to learn the English language. History states that around 1619, during the slave trade, ships collected slaves not just from one nation but†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Around 1858, over 400 slaves from Africa were brought to Georgia none of them knowing how to speak the English Language.† (Smitherman, 1994, p10) Being that these two groups merged together they adapted each other’s lang uage whether it was correct or incorrect. On the East Coast of America, â€Å"the Blacks spoke a different degree of Ebonics†. (Lewis, 1996, MSN) In 1744 The New York Evening Post read, Ran away...a new Negro Fellow named Prince, he cant scarce speak a Word of English (Fisher, 1996, MSN) In 1760 an ad in the North Carolina Gazette read: Ran away from the Subscriber, African Born, speaks bad English.(Stoller,1996, MSN) In 1734, the Philadelphia American Weekly Mercury read: â€Å"Run away; he’s Pennsylvania Born and speaks good English, These articles show where each person came from and what there English was like. It is obvious that masters kept tabs on how well their slave could talk. It was one of the ways that the masters could identify their slaves when they had many of them. They also used the slaves that new good English to translate or explain what the other slaves were saying. In the Mid 1800s slaves tried to use their language to help them escape from slaver y. They would sing spirituals, which their masters could not understand. Harriet Tubman and many others communicated in Ebonics, which their masters couldntShow MoreRelatedEbonics979 Words   |  4 PagesEbonics, which stands for Ebony + Phonics is a new term that Linguistics use to describe Black Dialect or Black English or many of the other names that it has been given for more that 350 years.. has been in the news recently but it is definitely not a new topic. brbrEbonics is a language that is a combination of proper English and a combination of African languages. Because of this combination a pattern was formed on how certain words are said such as this and that, would be pronounced disRead MoreThe African Vernacular English1850 Words   |  7 Pages Ya’ll be thinkin’ ebonics be messin’ wit Standard English, but it be enrichin’ it in a lotta ways. If you did not quite understand the first sentence, here is a â€Å"proper† translation; many people believe that African-American English negatively affects Standard English, but it actually enriches it in various ways. Black English, Ebonics, ghetto talk, slang, and Black Vernacular are all different words or phrases used to describe the African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) language. There are certainRead MoreAfrican American Vernacular English (Aave)1503 Words   |  7 PagesPsychologist Robert Williams coined the term Ebonics in 1973. He combined the words ebony and phonics to create Ebonics, black speech sounds. In Ebonics: The True Language of Black Folks, he asserts Ebonics as the â€Å"linguistic and paralinguistic features which on a concentric continuum represent the communicative competence of the West African, Caribbean, and United States† (Williams 24). However, over time Ebonics gained a negative connotation. Ebonics is associated with slang, marginal and deficientRead MoreReflection Of Ebonics1741 Words   |  7 Pagesoutsiders. In my life, Ebonics had revealed an unique aspect of how my parents and distant relatives influenced my understanding of the Afrocentric dialect of the English language. In addition, it revealed how I communicate to my family and friends and the distinction of my reading between Ebonics and Old English during my high school years. Not to mention, for those who may not know what Ebonics is, Ebonics was the first dialect of the English language by African- Americans. Ebonics also known as AfricanRead MoreEssay about ebonics1044 Words   |  5 Pages Ebonics means black speech (a blend of the words ebony black and phonics sounds). The phrase was created in 1973 by a group of black scholars who disliked the negative connotations of terms like Nonstandard Negro English that ha d been coined in the 1960s when the first modern large-scale linguistic studies of African American speech communities began. However, the term Ebonics never caught on amongst linguists, much less among the general public. That all changed with the Ebonics controversyRead MoreWhat is Ebonics? Essay1197 Words   |  5 Pagesthe socially acceptable or proper form of language. Even though blacks willing learned English, the African-American community language has always been distinctive, and only for blacks to embrace and understand. The Black American English known as Ebonics became a topic of controversy in 1996, and is still debated as a critical language for African-Americans. Who says the only language in America should be English and why is it important for African-Americans to have their own language? National identityRead More Ebonics In Schools Essay1071 Words   |  5 Pages Ebonics in Schools Many black individuals have played their part in Americas history. Has the Oakland School gone too far by wanting to teach a black slang language in school. In this paper, you will see the peoples, teachers, and the students opinion as well as the Senate. A lot of people are speaking out on the subject, especially actors. Arsenio Hall replied to reporters â€Å"When I heard somebody from Oakland say the word genetic, on TV, I ran into the kitchen so I didnt have to be mad at anybodyRead More Ebonics Essay example615 Words   |  3 Pages Ebonics The other day I was talking on the subject of Ebonics. I feel Ebonics should be a language. I mean black adolescents that are seen as stupid and non-educated mostly use it. The talk compelled me to do some extensive studying on the subject. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ebonics is the new academicianamp;#8217;s jargon or buzzword for what we used to call amp;#8220;Black English.; Ebonics comes from the root word Ebony that means black or dark. So since Ebonics is considered Black EnglishRead MoreEssay about Ebonics3741 Words   |  15 PagesEbonics INTRODUCTION The main topic of this paper is the USA, and I have chosen to concentrate on a fairly new issue, the language know as Ebonics. There have always been changes in the English language. This is how the language came about and evolved from standard British English to American English. During the last few years, as the world has become more sensitive to the rights of minorities, women, animals, etc. a new form of changes has taken place. These changes have becomeRead More Is Ebonics a Language? Essay example918 Words   |  4 Pages Ebonics Is (or Is Not) a Language nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Before getting into any great detail concerning the complexity of what language is and its relationship with the term Ebonics, Ebonics must first be defined. It is considered to be best described as â€Å"black speech† and therefore can be referred to as an â€Å"undefined language.† Many consider language to be a spoken tongue belonging to a nationality of people, so in general, and for the sake of clarity in this work, language is a general

Essay about Cormac McCarthys The Road and Michael Bays...

The two dystopian texts, The Road is written by Cormac McCarthy and The Island directed by Michael Bay are great examples of a dystopian world. The Road is a post-apocalyptic novel where a father and son have nothing but the dirty clothes on their backs, a pistol and a cart filled with scavenged items. Their destination, the coast, although they don’t know if anything awaits them there. The Island is an advanced world where clones of â€Å"real† people are made in order to help their clients live longer. These two mediums are fairly similar once you go in depth. The two works, The Road and The Island have common dystopian characteristics which are the use of brute force, alienation and dehumanization of individuals which is reflected in terms†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The man fell back instantly and lay with blood bubbling from the hole in his forehead. The boy was lying in his lap with no expression on his face at all† (McCarthy, pg. 66). In other word s, the boy was so shocked by the situation he was in; this caused him to change his attitude towards strangers. In the same manner The Island has important character development that causes the protagonists to change their behaviours. For instance, when Jordan Two Delta and Lincoln Six Echo escaped and went to Tom Lincoln’s house. In this scene there was an altercation that resulted in the client –Tom Lincoln- dying, which was a great example of how the characters developed. After this scene the protagonist realized how careless and willing they were to hurt others in order to get the clones back to the facility. The scene allowed the protagonist -Lincoln Six Echo- to develop and take extra precautions to maintain safety. Six Echo would always be on his toes; look back every so often, and though through his plans. This leads into the theme that is related to brute force which is that people will do anything to survive. The theme that is comparable to this dystopian characteristic is that individuals will do whatever they can to survive. In the movie the actor Steve Buscemi who is Lincoln’s friend says this to

Solutions of Air Pollution in Auckland-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Please mention any two issues from these four issues which are Our transportation network , our waterways, our trees and our green spaces. Answer: Introduction Many developed countries have many issues, related to air pollution and governments are paying a lot of money to solve these issues (Adem et al., 2016). New Zealand is one of these countries, and Auckland city which is the major city in it has this issue. As in earlier days, there was not much population, so there were few problems, but due to the passage of time (years), Auckland population increases day by day. Therefore, major problems facing the people are air pollution and the shortage of green space in Auckland. All residents are affected, and these should be solved by the government or some Aucklands efforts through the local authority as soon as possible. Air pollution is the main problem in Auckland as it can be seen that a major reason exists for this problem which is increasing population as new migrants are coming to Auckland day by day. This results in an increased use of the transport system; therefore, there are cars that emit gases, in addition to heaters causing the air pollution, which is bad for peoples health. Moreover, it is the other cause of air pollution. Additionally, it also affects human health as these people (smokers) suffer from many diseases like skin problem, breathing problem and lung cancer (Leman et al., 2010). A broad epidemiologic writing has reported a relationship of fine particulate air pollution with mortality. The greater part of this examination comprises of time-arrangement investigations of the impacts of molecule exposures experienced in the few days before death. The evaluated impact of particulate air pollution has been appeared to increment as longer presentation periods (up to 7 wks.) are considered, demonstrating exposures in the month(s) before death might be critical. Studies have considered mortality with particular air pollution fixations over any longer periods. Three follow-up related observations, and a current pilot study assessing the impacts of long-haul normal encompassing centralizations of fine particles and other air toxins over numerous years. These related studies utilized yearly, or normal multiyear pollution focuses as the presentation list, however, did not inspect the eras in charge of the watched affiliation. Associate investigations with follow-up amid times of significant change in air pollution can address this inquiry. The linkage between changes in air quality and enhanced wellbeing results is of significant general wellbeing interest. Fortunately, it can be solved by various methods or some efforts which are in the upcoming paragraphs. Solutions of Air Pollution in Auckland There are many solutions of air pollution to the people of Auckland. However, they should put forth some efforts that could be helpful in reduction of air pollution, and people should use more public transport than their own. According to Narendra Karnika (2013), people ought to make good choices about transportation; walk, ride a bike, or take public transportation. For instance, when driving, they should choose cars that get better miles per gallon of gas or choose an electric car. Moreover, the people of Auckland should plant more trees around their houses. Doing so leads to a better environment with fresh air. Further, the government ought to be aware of this environmental problem in Auckland and also guide them through some advertisements for making their efforts to solve this problem of air pollution. Secondly, there is also another problem in Auckland which is a shortage of green space. It can be established that new migrants are coming day by day, due to this they are using a rental for their own accommodation and then the number of houses increases. Consequently, green space is reduced day by day. Air pollution problems occur, and people face many health problems, such as felling trees cause air pollution leading to breathing problems due to lack of fresh air. Moreover, if the population increases then they use a wider transport system and this leads to air pollution because cars and other vehicles pollute the environment. Further, it also affects vegetation (Okedere et al., 2013). Salisu et al. (2012) agree that every problem has a solution. Accordingly, people here should come out with their efforts for protection from these problems. First of all, people should protect or save their parks. Moreover, people should plant more trees around their houses so that they can get fresh air. Further, the government should make a rule for all people that around every house there should be a small garden. Therefore, people can get a good opportunity to plant more trees and food as a basic need. The government should organize more seminars about the environment. This is how people may possibly get protection from these problems of air pollution, and it would be better for the people environment. Additionally, the government should provide more flats/apartments for the people to live together and this spare space can be used for plants or greenery (Shankar Shankarappa, 2016). Concluding Remarks In conclusion, these are the major problems in Auckland. Here, the people and the government should come out with their efforts and be responsible for the environment. Air pollution is a very serious issue, and it would be very bad for the environment if they do not try to solve this problem. As mentioned above, the people of Auckland should plant more trees then both problems can be solved a bit. If these problems are not sorted out, then the Aucklanders would suffer from serious health diseases, and that could have very serious consequences for every human being as well as animals. References Adem A. Hiko, Gelgelo N. Malicha. (2016). Climate Change and Animal Health Risk, in Maria Alejandra Gonzalez-Perez. In L. Leonard (Ed.), Advances in Sustainability and Environmental Justice (pp. 77-111). Emerald Publishing Group. Leman M. A, Omar A. R., Won J. and Yusof M.Z. (2010). The development of an industrial air pollution monitoring system for safety and health enhancement and a sustainable work environment using QFD approach. Asian Journal on Quality, 165-182. Narendra Singh, Karnika Gupta. (2013). Environmental attitude and ecological behavior of Indian consumers. Social Responsibility Journal, 9(1), 4-18. Okedere O. B, Sonibare J. A, Fakinle B. S and Jimoda L. A. (2013). Usefulness of particulate cyclone in air pollution control. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 771-781. Salisu Isihak, Uduak Akpan, Monsuru Adeleye. (2012). Interventions for mitigating indoor?air pollution in Nigeria: a cost?benefit analysis. International Journal of Energy Sector Management, 417-429. Shankar R. Kolle and Shankarappa H. Thyavanahalli. (2016). Global research on air pollution between 2005 and 2014: a bibliometric study. Collection Building, 84-92. Skender K., Sadik B., Skender A., Gazmend K., Robert B., Aleksander Z. and Ivo . (2011). Greenhouse gas and air pollution emissions and options for reducing from the Kosovo transportation sector?dynamic modeling. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 72-88. Yan L., Xiaolin Q. and Jinjuan R. (2015). Initial public offerings and air pollution: evidence from China. Journal of Asia Business Studies, 99-11

The New Jim Crow free essay sample

In Michelle Alexander’s book â€Å" The New Jim Crow†, she shows how America’s â€Å" War on Drugs â€Å" has become a tool of racial segregation and how the discretionary enforcement of drug laws has resulted in an overwhelmingly negative affect on its black population. In the early days of colonial America, slavery was not as common as we would think. The primary method of securing the cheap labor needed to work the land was through the indentured servitude of both blacks and whites. As plantations grew bigger and needed larger amounts of labor, slavery became the preferred means of obtaining cost-efficient labor and also helped drive a wedge between poor whites and their black counterparts. After the Civil War and the outlawing of slavery, Jim Crow laws were established to maintain the system of racial hierarchy. These laws helped to perpetuate the disenfranchisement of blacks in the South and was regarded by many as a fair and equitable settlement to the question of racial integration in America. They have also allowed helicopters to surveillance homes without a warrant, and the forfeiture of cash and homes based on unproven allegations of illegal drug activity. The Supreme Court have crafted legal rules that allow law enforcement to arrest virtually anyone. In 1968, the Supreme Court modified the understanding, that if an officer believes that someone is dangerous or engaging in criminal activity, that he should conduct a limited search to find weapons that might be used against him. Police now have basically the right to stop and search just about anybody that is walking down the street for drugs, and because common sense indicates that hardly anyone nowadays will say no when police asks to search. Police officers also use pretext stops as an excuse to search for drugs. It allowed police to use minor traffic violations as a pretext for baseless drug investigations and single anyone for investigation without any evidence of illegal drug activity. The truth, however, is that most people who are stopped and searched in the War on Drugs are perfectly innocent of any crime.Law Enforcements are trained to use pretextual traffic stops and consent searches for drug interdiction. This federally- run general searched program, that trained over 25,000 officers in 48 states, targeted people without any cause for suspicion, especially people of low standards. The interesting thing is that, 95 percent of these traffic stops yield no illegal drugs. Because drug-law enforcement wasnt a priority, and with way more serious crimes happening, the law enforcement agencies were given huge cash grants to make drug-law enforcement a priority.The Byrne Memorial State and Local Law Enforcement Assistant Program offered millions of dollars in federal aid to every agency who was willing to wage the war. Eventually SWAT teams were formed and are now used for narcotics warrants with forced, and unannounced entry into a persons house. In most drug raids conducted, instead of police arresting these people, the SWAT teams blast into peoples houses in the middle of the night, throwing grenades and pointing guns at children. A lot of innocent people are killed in the middle of these raids.Even with all the cash grants, military equipment and training, the Reagan administration granted state and local law enforcement agencies to keep for their own use, the majority of the cash and assets they seize when waging the drug war. In 1984, Congress allow ed state and local police agencies to retain up to 80 percent of the assets value. This increased the budget of police departments dramatically, who simply just took the cash, cars, and homes of people who were suspected of drug use or sales.Thousands of innocent people every year go to jail without ever talking to a lawyer. Thousands of people are swept into the criminal justice system every year pursuant to the drug war without much regard for their guilt or innocent. Many innocent drug defendants convict themselves every year by accepting a plea bargain out of fear of mandatory sentences. Chapter 3 African-Americans and Latinos all over the United States, are subjected to tactics and practices by law enforcements, especially those that live in poor neighborhoods.The drug war is racially defined, and that is why there is a huge number of African-Americans and Latinos in prisons and jails all across the country. The rate of incarceration for African American drug offenders dwarfs the rate of whites. Even though whites make up the majority of illegal drug users, three-fourths of the people who are imprisoned for drug offenses are black or Latino. Black men have been admitted to state prison on drug charges at a rate that is more than thirteen times higher than white men.Arrests and convictions for drug offenses, not violent crimes, have propelled mass incarceration among African-Americans and Latinos. They are convicted of drug offenses at rates out of all proportion to their drug crimes. The system of mass incarceration has operated in a way to effectively sweep people of color off the streets, lock them in jails, and then release them into an inferior second-class status. When it comes to racial bias in the drug war, research indicates that it was inevitable, and a public consensus was constructed by political and media elites that drug crime is black and brown.Once this black drug crime became conflated in the public consciousness, the black men would be the primary targets o f law enforcements. An 18 year old black kid who was arrested for possession of more than fifty grams of crack, and a first time offender, was sentenced to minimum of ten years in federal prison. His lawyers argued that the law discriminated African Americans, because the majority of those charged with crimes involving crack offenders were black, whereas powder cocaine offenders were predominantly white.An African American, Clyde Cahill, believed that race was the major factor in the crack sentencing laws and policies. He also mentioned that nowadays people have internalized fear of young black men, which has been created by media imagery and has helped to create a national image of the young black male as a criminal. In Georgia, life imprisonment was imposed for second drug offense. Georgias district attorneys who were seeking this penalty, only invoked it against only 1 percent of white defendants facing a second drug conviction but against 16 percent of black defendants.The problem with all this h arsh discrimination and racial bias by the criminal justice system, is that thousands of people have years of their lives wasted in prison, years in which they would be free if they were white. The Supreme Court has ensured the prosecutors the freedom to exercise their discretion in any manner they choose, and this opens the door to claims of racial bias. Another good example of how Blacks and Latinos are overrepresented Christopher Lee Armstrong and his four companions were arrested on conspiracy of cocaine distribution.Armstrong and his companions were black just like every other crack defendant that that office had represented during that year. Of the fifty-three cases the office had handled over the prior three years, forty-eight defendants were black, five were Hispanic, and not a single offender was white, which was shocking because most crack offenders were white. The federal public defendants wanted to prove that federal crack laws were selectively enforced in a racially discriminatory manner and that whites were being diverted by federal prosecutors to the state system, were penalties for crack offenses were far less severe.What no one knows is that the Supreme Co urt has granted the police to discriminate. The legal rules adopted by the Supreme Court guarantee that those who find themselves locked up and permanently locked out due to the drug war are overwhelming black and latino. Chapter 4 Back in 1853, every black person, by law, was considered a slave and could not testify to introduce evidence in court. Even though slavery seems like it has died, the badge of slavery still lives on for thousands of blacks.The impact of the war on drugs has undermined the opportunities for Blacks and Latinos. Once they are labeled felons they are relegated to a permanent second-class status. There is also the harsh punishment for first-time offenders, who even if able to avoid jail time, will find out that, because of their conviction, will be ineligible for federally-funded health and welfare benefits, food stamps, public housing and federal education assistant.The convicted will also have his license suspended and may no longer qualify for employment. In most cases what ends up happening is the ex-offenders end up back in jail because they are no longer accepted by mainstream society, or because they fail to play by rules that seem hopelessly stacked against them. Public Housing agencies were given the right and authority by Congress to use leases in order to evict any public housing tenants who are engaged in criminal activity.Bill Clinton proposed the One Strike and Youre Out legislation, which allowed agencies to automatically evict offenders and it also allowed them to bar applicants believed to be using drugs. This had a huge effect on families, specially African-American and Latino, because with no housing they can lose their children. Because African-Americans and Latinos are targeted by police in the War on Drugs, it is far more likely that they will be arrested for minor, nonviolent crimes. Thousands of people become homeless because they are denied housing assistance or are evicted from their homes.Particularly racial minorities are excluded from public housing because of their criminal record, and most have a hard time finding a place to live after being releases from prison. Landing a job after prison is also difficult. Almost every state allows private employers to discriminate on the basis of past criminal records, by letting the employers deny jobs to people who were arrested but were never convicted of a crime. Most employers just do not want to consider hiring a self-identified criminal.

Magic Reality in Salman Rushdie’s Midnights Children Essay Example

Magic Reality in Salman Rushdie’s Midnights Children Essay With the myriad voices and cultural complexity that is India, Salman Rushdies novel Midnights Children stakes claim to the culture, identity, history, and magic that is Indian life. Rushdie takes the English language out of its colonial context and makes it the utterance of Indian masses.   The novel employs English to re-establish territorial domination, to make language and colonial history part of Indias dominion, and to voice Indias truths within its own logical framework. In doing so, the novel challenges the concept of Positivism as the only proof of reality and refutes the culturally biased label of magical realism by illustrating the mysterious, unpredictable, and beautifully strange aspects of life (Kortenaar 766).   Rushdie shows that the real is inherently magical and its incorporation into the novel—part of the reterritorialization of language, logic, and history—is key to reclaiming Indias voice and control over its cultural and historical narrative for past, present, and future generations. The style or genre of Midnights Children has been called magical realist but, as so many have countered—including Rushdie himself—that is a ridiculous and even condescending term. Such labeling deems the magic in magical realism as indigenous and the realism as Western and marginalizes the literature; it insinuates that western logic is more real than eastern logic, and that there is no magic in reality (Kortenaar 767). The novel is a forceful rebuttal to those assertions. Repeatedly, reality is revealed to be magical and Rushdie shows that to deny that aspect of life is to deny Indian—indeed all human—reality and identity. We will write a custom essay sample on Magic Reality in Salman Rushdie’s Midnights Children specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Magic Reality in Salman Rushdie’s Midnights Children specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Magic Reality in Salman Rushdie’s Midnights Children specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In India, daily life and history are filled with inexplicable and incomprehensible events and to gloss over or relate them from a single, narrow viewpoint is both biased and errant. For centuries that is what has been done by western writers to the East; it has been othered, and language has been used to rob identity. But now eastern writers are taking the power back through the language once used to oppress and are defining in their own terms personal and national identity and history. In this way Midnights Children uses English to show the marvelous real of daily life and to question western versions of truth and reality. (Kortenaar 768-72) As Rushdie reveals throughout the novel, reality in India is magical and its truths must be told in those terms. To begin, Indias topography and culture lends itself to belief in the fantastic—from the majestic peaks of the Himalayas to the tropical teardrop of Sri Lanka; the huge cities and tiny villages where sacred cows wander the streets competing for right-of-way with horn-blaring motorized rickshaws; where Sadhus literally roll their naked bodies across the country to symbolize their rejection of worldly comfort while paanwallahs bark carnival-style from their stalls as red betelnut juice streams from customers mouths, staining the walls and ground like fresh blood; where elephants trample villages, drunk on local coconut fenny, and wild tigers roam national parks, the last of their kind on earth. Further, how one conceives reality is a question of perspective. Reality is a question of perspective; the further you get from the past, the more concrete and plausible it seems—but as you approach the present, it inevitably seems more and more incredible, Saleem tells Padma, Illusion itself is reality (189). Hindus believe in Maya—that life is a dream or illusion that we all collectively agree to share. In the novel, Rushdie describes India in the same terms—as a Jungian collective unconscious fantasy where reality is what you make it. With this novel, he creates his version of reality and gives voice to a completely nonwestern (but no less real) way of looking at it. For example, Saleem tries to reclaim control of Indias narrative, rejecting the sterile, linear versions of history usually told about India by non-Indians: Rereading my work, I have discovered an error in chronology. The assassination of Mahatma Gandhi occurs, in these pages, on the wrong date. But I cannot say, now, what the actual sequence of events might have been; in my India, Gandhi will continue to die at the wrong time. (190) Saleem is questioning accepted versions of historical events and implies that no version is reliable—not even his own. More profoundly, he is saying that events such as Gandhis assassination cannot be quantified by a mere linear, factual accounting. Like so many tragic events in Indias history, Gandhis assassination occurs at the wrong time, literally and figuratively; it has such a profound effect on the nation that it cannot be reduced to a mere sequence of events. Here, Rushdie shows the deep philosophical difference between East and West. In the East, time and events cannot be neatly compartmentalized as they often are in the West, for they continue to reverberate and color the way all things are perceived. The novel posits that perception is determined not merely by time, but by ones experience—that is, what may seem odd to an outsider is not even noticed by one who sees it every day. For example, when Saleem discusses his mother Amina visiting Delhi, he describes her utter amazement at all she sees—in stark contrast to the urban-dwellers who notice nothing unusual. When you have city eyes you cannot see the invisible people, the men with elephantitis of the balls and the beggars in boxcars dont impinge on you, and the concrete sections of future drainpipes dont look like dormitories (89). In Delhi, Amina Sinai feels like she is surrounded by many-headed monsters—the old cliche of the East, where dragons and grotesque monsters have always existed for the West—because she is not habituated to the area. Here Rushdie is revealing that outside perceptions are often misinformed and that, therefore, insider perspectives must be voiced and considered; he is showing that what may seem marvelous or magical to one person is simply a fact of life to another. For Reverend Mother aeroplanes were inventions of the devil cameras could steal your soul, and ghosts were as obvious a part of reality as Paradise (110). And who is to say that her perceptions and beliefs are wrong? Her daughter, Amina, inherits her intuition and belief in soothsayers, such as Ramram Seth, who accurately predicts her sons fate. Fighting against colonial propaganda that denies her beliefs, Amina thinks, Even if were sitting in the middle of all this English garbage this is still India, and people like Ramram Seth know what they know (110). Again, reality is a question of perspective and it has many definitions. Throughout the novel, Rushdie pushes the concepts of perception and belief and continually questions what constitutes reality. Speaking about Partition, Saleems father says, It was only a matter of time, but Saleem wonders at this assumption (86). Time has been an unsteady affair, in my experience, not a thing to be relied upon. It could even be partitioned: the clocks in Pakistan would run half an hour ahead of their Indian counterparts If they can change time just like that, whats real any more? I ask you? Whats true? (87) What is real? What is true? That is what Rushdie wants us to contemplate here. He wants us to see the folly of our belief in absolutes. He also wants us to see that reality is full of very bizarre events—especially in India, as Saleem indicates: There followed an illusionist January, a time so still on its surface that 1947 seemed not to have begun at all In which the Cabinet Mission saw their scheme for the transfer of power fail. (But of course it would only be six months until) In which the Viceroy, Wavell, understood that he was finished, washed-up, or in our own expressive word, funtoosh. (Which, of course, in fact only speeded things up, because it let in the last of the viceroys who) In which the Constituent Assembly stood self-adjourned, without having settled on a Constitution. (But, of course, in fact Earl Mountbatten, the last viceroy, would be with us any day, with his inexorable ticktock, his soldiers knife that could cut subcontinents in three, and his wife who ate chicken breasts secretly behind a locked lavatory door.) (70) Here Saleem is recounting his version of the countdown to Partition; he is showing the manipulation of events by the colonial government, the inaction of the Indian Constituent Assembly, who failed to control the process, and the malevolent ignorance of Viceroy Mountbatten who could so callously cut subcontinents in three. Saleem is describing how this marvelous real actuality occurred—one of the multitude of strange events that comprise the true history of India. Not just recent history but ongoing daily events can be perceived as fantastic in India. Saleem tells Padma that the villagers who lived near Reverend Mother all believed that: she eavesdropped on her daughters dreams, just to know what they were up to. Yes, theres no other explanation, stranger things have been known to happen in this country of ours, just pick up any newspaper and see the recounting of miracles in this village or that—Reverend Mother began to dream her daughters dreams. (Padma accepts this without blinking; but what others will swallow as effortlessly as a laddoo, Padma will just as easily reject. No audience is without its idiosynchrasies of belief). (58) In this passage Rushdie reiterates the subjectivity of belief and reinforces the idea that reality is what you make it. Deliberately playing on western doubt, Saleem tells us that there is no proof not something that will stand up in court but insists on the truth of Reverend Mothers extraordinary abilities (58). Juxtaposed to the bloody historical facts recounted throughout the novel (the bloody Partition of India and Pakistan, the wars of 1965 and 1971, the forced sterilization and slum eradication campaigns of Mrs. Gandhi, the assassinations of Gandhi, Mian Abdullah, and Liaquat Ali Khan, and the Emergency suspension of civil rights by Mrs. Gandhi) and the description of daily life— from the half-gnawed Parsee hand that slaps Ahmed Sinai across the face as it is dropped by a vulture flying away from the funerary Tower of Silence to the altering of time at Partition—Rushdie shows clearly that Indian life is full of what westerners might consider magical reality. Rushdie closes Midnights Children with an empty jar for the next generation to fill with its own pickles of time. Thirty jars stand upon a shelf, waiting to be unleashed upon the amnesiac nation. (And beside them, one jar stands empty) (530). In his novel, Rushdie successfully reterritorializes the English language and reclaims history and identity in Indian terms. But he knows that the real work has just begun, and that it must continue if India is to further define itself and its future. Therefore, Rushdie leaves us with an admonition, with the idea that we must know our histories so that we can own them (and not be doomed to repetition). But he also voices hope. Saleem concludes: My special blends: Ive been saving them up. Symbolic value of the pickling process: all the six hundred million eggs which gave birth to the population of India could fit inside a single, standard-sized pickle-jar; six hundred million spermatozoa could be lifted on a single spoon. Every pickle-jar (you will forgive me if I become florid for a moment) contains, therefore, the most exalted of possibilities: the feasibility of the chutnification of history; the grand hope of the pickling of time! (529) It is no coincidence that Saleems sons first word and the title for his final pickle recipe are both abracadabra. With this mystical incantation, which Saleem tells us is not an Indian word at all but a cabbalistic formula, Saleem and his son claim the magical reality of their lives—using all the language available to them. Just as Rushdie deliberately chooses to write this novel in English, he deliberately chooses a magical, non-Indian incantation for the final pickle recipe and for Saleems sons first utterance. As the words abracadabra are spoken by the baby, Saleem wonders, Whodoes the boy imagine he is? (529). And that is precisely the point of all these pages: Indians imagining and defining who they are in their own terms—and dreaming big! Through Saleems reclamation of discourse and logic throughout the novel, Rushdie claims control of past, present, and future—of the magical reality that is India—and in doing so creates a space for the next generations to add their own chapters. By deliberately reterritorializing the English language, Rushdie redefines realism, showing that his is an equally valid way of looking at the world, and insists that once Indians freely choose their own modes of expression they will become the masters of their own destiny.

Fossil fuel, nuclear energy, and alternative power sources

Fossil fuel, nuclear energy, and alternative power sources The pollution through fuel use, technology and many other aspects of civilized life has brought about many changes that humanity was not ready for, including a lessening of resources used for energy, a shifting pattern of crop’s growth and emergence of diseases. The Earth’s population must get ready for a new era that will require a more efficient use of energy and a better conservation of people’s health.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Fossil fuel, nuclear energy, and alternative power sources specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Energy is the force that runs everything present in the world. The law of conservation of energy states that no energy can be made out of nothing or destroyed, as it can only be converted. Energy changes states and cannot be produced out of emptiness, as some processes have to take place to bring it out (Lawson, 2001). Due to this fact, humanity must use a source of energy to its advantage, and nature is the one that provides these sources (Niele, 2005). Unfortunately, the planet is seeing a major depletion in natural resources and fossil fuels which are the established source of energy that must be greatly counted, due to the decreasing numbers. There are many known ways to produce energy that are not polluting and are in greater numbers, such as hydro electric stations, wind power, sun energy and nuclear power plants. Unfortunately, some availability is underdeveloped and others sound extreme. Nuclear power is a topic that is discussed with real care and people are hesitant to rely on it alone. Even though it shows to be beneficial in areas of pollution, it is an extreme step and there is still a danger of accidents and accumulated pollution (Benduhn, 2008). Fossil fuel is one of the options that can be used and it is rather cheap to manage. The benefits include low cost, high energy output and technology already exists to produce and contain the f uel. The disadvantages are the pollution or CO2 gases that cause greenhouse effect, as well as uncertain amount of fossils. It is clear that there is a limit to how much people can mine. Solar energy is another source which is abundant. The amount of sun rays is enormous and presently, there are many places in the world, as well as technologies that use sun as the energy source. A major disadvantage is that there are sometimes weather conditions or places where there is very little sun or it is absent altogether. Wind power has seen some support and there are working turbines that use wind, but it is also uncertain, as it is hard to rely on weather conditions.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are times when the wind is absent and it is impossible to make using human technology. The use of water power has been known to people for some time. Hydro electric stations have proven themselves as a clean energy source. There is a disadvantage of the ecosystem changing with the introduction of dams and plants, proving detrimental to the environment. Also, there is no guarantee that rivers will always flow and produce energy. Biofuel is another option that has seen some support. A positive side is that it is made from animal and plant products and has been already widely used. But the tradeoff is an unstable production rate, as well as pollution and lack of land or resources to produce enough plants or animals (Dell, 2004). The Energy Policy Act of 2005 addresses the issue of energy problems and offers benefits to anyone who has taken part in finding innovative ways to acquire energy. One of the provisions is to increase coal use but this comes with an addition of installing air polluting filters. From one perspective, this might seem like a good idea, as it is rather safe to use. It is important to keep in mind that the amount of coal is decreasing and there is no guarantee that people will be able to discover more. Also, the filtration systems that must be installed can prove quite costly and there is a possibility that plants and industrial companies will not install them at all or will cut corners. This option lacks control and input from everyone equally. Another proposition made by the act is the offering of loans to those who come up with new technologies, as well as tax breaks estimated in billions of dollars (Nazzaro, 2010). This is a rather attractive way to make sure people get involved in finding renewable sources of energy that are clean and efficient. It is evident that with the government’s involvement and the promised benefits, people will be more inclined to develop technology instrumental to clean energy use (Ghosh, 2011). Currently, there are technologies that have already proven to be important in clean energy production. Electric power and other energy sources have shown great potential. Nuclear ener gy may be much more beneficial to people and environment but it must be used with great care.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Fossil fuel, nuclear energy, and alternative power sources specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is evident that more safety procedures and preventative measures would have to be established, so that the risk is minimal to people and environment. Even though bioconversion, wind, hydro and solar energy sources are absolutely clean, they are unreliable and do not produce enough output. References Benduhn, T. (2008). Nuclear Power. Pleasantville, NY: Gareth Stevens. Dell, R. (2004). Clean Energy Cambrigde, United Kingdom: Royal Society of Chemistry. Ghosh, T. (2011). Energy Resources and Systems: Volume 2: Renewable Resources. New York, NY: Springer. Lawson, J. (2001). Conservation of Energy. Manitoba, Canada: Portage Main Press. Nazzaro, R. (2010). Energy Policy Act Of 2005. Darby, PA: DIANE Pub lishing. Niele, F. (2005). Energy: Engine of Evolution. San Diego, CA: Elsevier.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

BERNOULLIS EQUATION AND CONSERVATION OF MASS, ENERGY AND MOMENTUM Lab Report - 1

BERNOULLIS EQUATION AND CONSERVATION OF MASS, ENERGY AND MOMENTUM - Lab Report Example To find the flow rate you find the division between the volume and time taken to get 0.18kg/s. The percentage error was found to be 5.88% which is the rate of change of the theoretical value to the experimental value. The flow rate in the venture meter was established as shown in the calculation section. In the venture meter, the water is present in the three columns of manometers. The experiment did not matter if water was absent in every column. The two manometer columns were selected from where the measurements were taken. The diameters were recorded at the position where the manometer measured the static pressures. The heights of the fluids found in the manometer were recorded as shown in the calculation section. Using the application of the Bernoulli’s equation and the conservation of the mass at the two positions. The fluid velocity at the two positions in the systems were determined. The computed values were reported as the calculations and measurements were undertaken. Based on the taken velocity measurements, the mass flow rate was determined of the flow at the two sections. The values were then computed and calculated as shown below in the calculation sections. The mass flow rate was determined be the measurement of one liter. The determined values were determined and the calculations and measurements were taken. Comparing the two mass flow rate, they were not the same. The discrepancy is due to the difference in the diameter of the two pipes. The group members moved the Pitot tube from the paper’s upstream to a place downstream (Welty, 2001). Looking at the manometer connected to Pitot tube it was realized that the liquid in the pitot tube did not move. The Pitot tube is used to measure the total pressure. The main objective of the experiment was to determine the force on the target from the impinging water jet. The experiment illustrated one of the