Magic Reality in Salman Rushdie’s Midnights Children Essay Example

Magic Reality in Salman Rushdie’s Midnights Children Essay With the myriad voices and cultural complexity that is India, Salman Rushdies novel Midnights Children stakes claim to the culture, identity, history, and magic that is Indian life. Rushdie takes the English language out of its colonial context and makes it the utterance of Indian masses.   The novel employs English to re-establish territorial domination, to make language and colonial history part of Indias dominion, and to voice Indias truths within its own logical framework. In doing so, the novel challenges the concept of Positivism as the only proof of reality and refutes the culturally biased label of magical realism by illustrating the mysterious, unpredictable, and beautifully strange aspects of life (Kortenaar 766).   Rushdie shows that the real is inherently magical and its incorporation into the novel—part of the reterritorialization of language, logic, and history—is key to reclaiming Indias voice and control over its cultural and historical narrative for past, present, and future generations. The style or genre of Midnights Children has been called magical realist but, as so many have countered—including Rushdie himself—that is a ridiculous and even condescending term. Such labeling deems the magic in magical realism as indigenous and the realism as Western and marginalizes the literature; it insinuates that western logic is more real than eastern logic, and that there is no magic in reality (Kortenaar 767). The novel is a forceful rebuttal to those assertions. Repeatedly, reality is revealed to be magical and Rushdie shows that to deny that aspect of life is to deny Indian—indeed all human—reality and identity. We will write a custom essay sample on Magic Reality in Salman Rushdie’s Midnights Children specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Magic Reality in Salman Rushdie’s Midnights Children specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Magic Reality in Salman Rushdie’s Midnights Children specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In India, daily life and history are filled with inexplicable and incomprehensible events and to gloss over or relate them from a single, narrow viewpoint is both biased and errant. For centuries that is what has been done by western writers to the East; it has been othered, and language has been used to rob identity. But now eastern writers are taking the power back through the language once used to oppress and are defining in their own terms personal and national identity and history. In this way Midnights Children uses English to show the marvelous real of daily life and to question western versions of truth and reality. (Kortenaar 768-72) As Rushdie reveals throughout the novel, reality in India is magical and its truths must be told in those terms. To begin, Indias topography and culture lends itself to belief in the fantastic—from the majestic peaks of the Himalayas to the tropical teardrop of Sri Lanka; the huge cities and tiny villages where sacred cows wander the streets competing for right-of-way with horn-blaring motorized rickshaws; where Sadhus literally roll their naked bodies across the country to symbolize their rejection of worldly comfort while paanwallahs bark carnival-style from their stalls as red betelnut juice streams from customers mouths, staining the walls and ground like fresh blood; where elephants trample villages, drunk on local coconut fenny, and wild tigers roam national parks, the last of their kind on earth. Further, how one conceives reality is a question of perspective. Reality is a question of perspective; the further you get from the past, the more concrete and plausible it seems—but as you approach the present, it inevitably seems more and more incredible, Saleem tells Padma, Illusion itself is reality (189). Hindus believe in Maya—that life is a dream or illusion that we all collectively agree to share. In the novel, Rushdie describes India in the same terms—as a Jungian collective unconscious fantasy where reality is what you make it. With this novel, he creates his version of reality and gives voice to a completely nonwestern (but no less real) way of looking at it. For example, Saleem tries to reclaim control of Indias narrative, rejecting the sterile, linear versions of history usually told about India by non-Indians: Rereading my work, I have discovered an error in chronology. The assassination of Mahatma Gandhi occurs, in these pages, on the wrong date. But I cannot say, now, what the actual sequence of events might have been; in my India, Gandhi will continue to die at the wrong time. (190) Saleem is questioning accepted versions of historical events and implies that no version is reliable—not even his own. More profoundly, he is saying that events such as Gandhis assassination cannot be quantified by a mere linear, factual accounting. Like so many tragic events in Indias history, Gandhis assassination occurs at the wrong time, literally and figuratively; it has such a profound effect on the nation that it cannot be reduced to a mere sequence of events. Here, Rushdie shows the deep philosophical difference between East and West. In the East, time and events cannot be neatly compartmentalized as they often are in the West, for they continue to reverberate and color the way all things are perceived. The novel posits that perception is determined not merely by time, but by ones experience—that is, what may seem odd to an outsider is not even noticed by one who sees it every day. For example, when Saleem discusses his mother Amina visiting Delhi, he describes her utter amazement at all she sees—in stark contrast to the urban-dwellers who notice nothing unusual. When you have city eyes you cannot see the invisible people, the men with elephantitis of the balls and the beggars in boxcars dont impinge on you, and the concrete sections of future drainpipes dont look like dormitories (89). In Delhi, Amina Sinai feels like she is surrounded by many-headed monsters—the old cliche of the East, where dragons and grotesque monsters have always existed for the West—because she is not habituated to the area. Here Rushdie is revealing that outside perceptions are often misinformed and that, therefore, insider perspectives must be voiced and considered; he is showing that what may seem marvelous or magical to one person is simply a fact of life to another. For Reverend Mother aeroplanes were inventions of the devil cameras could steal your soul, and ghosts were as obvious a part of reality as Paradise (110). And who is to say that her perceptions and beliefs are wrong? Her daughter, Amina, inherits her intuition and belief in soothsayers, such as Ramram Seth, who accurately predicts her sons fate. Fighting against colonial propaganda that denies her beliefs, Amina thinks, Even if were sitting in the middle of all this English garbage this is still India, and people like Ramram Seth know what they know (110). Again, reality is a question of perspective and it has many definitions. Throughout the novel, Rushdie pushes the concepts of perception and belief and continually questions what constitutes reality. Speaking about Partition, Saleems father says, It was only a matter of time, but Saleem wonders at this assumption (86). Time has been an unsteady affair, in my experience, not a thing to be relied upon. It could even be partitioned: the clocks in Pakistan would run half an hour ahead of their Indian counterparts If they can change time just like that, whats real any more? I ask you? Whats true? (87) What is real? What is true? That is what Rushdie wants us to contemplate here. He wants us to see the folly of our belief in absolutes. He also wants us to see that reality is full of very bizarre events—especially in India, as Saleem indicates: There followed an illusionist January, a time so still on its surface that 1947 seemed not to have begun at all In which the Cabinet Mission saw their scheme for the transfer of power fail. (But of course it would only be six months until) In which the Viceroy, Wavell, understood that he was finished, washed-up, or in our own expressive word, funtoosh. (Which, of course, in fact only speeded things up, because it let in the last of the viceroys who) In which the Constituent Assembly stood self-adjourned, without having settled on a Constitution. (But, of course, in fact Earl Mountbatten, the last viceroy, would be with us any day, with his inexorable ticktock, his soldiers knife that could cut subcontinents in three, and his wife who ate chicken breasts secretly behind a locked lavatory door.) (70) Here Saleem is recounting his version of the countdown to Partition; he is showing the manipulation of events by the colonial government, the inaction of the Indian Constituent Assembly, who failed to control the process, and the malevolent ignorance of Viceroy Mountbatten who could so callously cut subcontinents in three. Saleem is describing how this marvelous real actuality occurred—one of the multitude of strange events that comprise the true history of India. Not just recent history but ongoing daily events can be perceived as fantastic in India. Saleem tells Padma that the villagers who lived near Reverend Mother all believed that: she eavesdropped on her daughters dreams, just to know what they were up to. Yes, theres no other explanation, stranger things have been known to happen in this country of ours, just pick up any newspaper and see the recounting of miracles in this village or that—Reverend Mother began to dream her daughters dreams. (Padma accepts this without blinking; but what others will swallow as effortlessly as a laddoo, Padma will just as easily reject. No audience is without its idiosynchrasies of belief). (58) In this passage Rushdie reiterates the subjectivity of belief and reinforces the idea that reality is what you make it. Deliberately playing on western doubt, Saleem tells us that there is no proof not something that will stand up in court but insists on the truth of Reverend Mothers extraordinary abilities (58). Juxtaposed to the bloody historical facts recounted throughout the novel (the bloody Partition of India and Pakistan, the wars of 1965 and 1971, the forced sterilization and slum eradication campaigns of Mrs. Gandhi, the assassinations of Gandhi, Mian Abdullah, and Liaquat Ali Khan, and the Emergency suspension of civil rights by Mrs. Gandhi) and the description of daily life— from the half-gnawed Parsee hand that slaps Ahmed Sinai across the face as it is dropped by a vulture flying away from the funerary Tower of Silence to the altering of time at Partition—Rushdie shows clearly that Indian life is full of what westerners might consider magical reality. Rushdie closes Midnights Children with an empty jar for the next generation to fill with its own pickles of time. Thirty jars stand upon a shelf, waiting to be unleashed upon the amnesiac nation. (And beside them, one jar stands empty) (530). In his novel, Rushdie successfully reterritorializes the English language and reclaims history and identity in Indian terms. But he knows that the real work has just begun, and that it must continue if India is to further define itself and its future. Therefore, Rushdie leaves us with an admonition, with the idea that we must know our histories so that we can own them (and not be doomed to repetition). But he also voices hope. Saleem concludes: My special blends: Ive been saving them up. Symbolic value of the pickling process: all the six hundred million eggs which gave birth to the population of India could fit inside a single, standard-sized pickle-jar; six hundred million spermatozoa could be lifted on a single spoon. Every pickle-jar (you will forgive me if I become florid for a moment) contains, therefore, the most exalted of possibilities: the feasibility of the chutnification of history; the grand hope of the pickling of time! (529) It is no coincidence that Saleems sons first word and the title for his final pickle recipe are both abracadabra. With this mystical incantation, which Saleem tells us is not an Indian word at all but a cabbalistic formula, Saleem and his son claim the magical reality of their lives—using all the language available to them. Just as Rushdie deliberately chooses to write this novel in English, he deliberately chooses a magical, non-Indian incantation for the final pickle recipe and for Saleems sons first utterance. As the words abracadabra are spoken by the baby, Saleem wonders, Whodoes the boy imagine he is? (529). And that is precisely the point of all these pages: Indians imagining and defining who they are in their own terms—and dreaming big! Through Saleems reclamation of discourse and logic throughout the novel, Rushdie claims control of past, present, and future—of the magical reality that is India—and in doing so creates a space for the next generations to add their own chapters. By deliberately reterritorializing the English language, Rushdie redefines realism, showing that his is an equally valid way of looking at the world, and insists that once Indians freely choose their own modes of expression they will become the masters of their own destiny.

Fossil fuel, nuclear energy, and alternative power sources

Fossil fuel, nuclear energy, and alternative power sources The pollution through fuel use, technology and many other aspects of civilized life has brought about many changes that humanity was not ready for, including a lessening of resources used for energy, a shifting pattern of crop’s growth and emergence of diseases. The Earth’s population must get ready for a new era that will require a more efficient use of energy and a better conservation of people’s health.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Fossil fuel, nuclear energy, and alternative power sources specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Energy is the force that runs everything present in the world. The law of conservation of energy states that no energy can be made out of nothing or destroyed, as it can only be converted. Energy changes states and cannot be produced out of emptiness, as some processes have to take place to bring it out (Lawson, 2001). Due to this fact, humanity must use a source of energy to its advantage, and nature is the one that provides these sources (Niele, 2005). Unfortunately, the planet is seeing a major depletion in natural resources and fossil fuels which are the established source of energy that must be greatly counted, due to the decreasing numbers. There are many known ways to produce energy that are not polluting and are in greater numbers, such as hydro electric stations, wind power, sun energy and nuclear power plants. Unfortunately, some availability is underdeveloped and others sound extreme. Nuclear power is a topic that is discussed with real care and people are hesitant to rely on it alone. Even though it shows to be beneficial in areas of pollution, it is an extreme step and there is still a danger of accidents and accumulated pollution (Benduhn, 2008). Fossil fuel is one of the options that can be used and it is rather cheap to manage. The benefits include low cost, high energy output and technology already exists to produce and contain the f uel. The disadvantages are the pollution or CO2 gases that cause greenhouse effect, as well as uncertain amount of fossils. It is clear that there is a limit to how much people can mine. Solar energy is another source which is abundant. The amount of sun rays is enormous and presently, there are many places in the world, as well as technologies that use sun as the energy source. A major disadvantage is that there are sometimes weather conditions or places where there is very little sun or it is absent altogether. Wind power has seen some support and there are working turbines that use wind, but it is also uncertain, as it is hard to rely on weather conditions.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are times when the wind is absent and it is impossible to make using human technology. The use of water power has been known to people for some time. Hydro electric stations have proven themselves as a clean energy source. There is a disadvantage of the ecosystem changing with the introduction of dams and plants, proving detrimental to the environment. Also, there is no guarantee that rivers will always flow and produce energy. Biofuel is another option that has seen some support. A positive side is that it is made from animal and plant products and has been already widely used. But the tradeoff is an unstable production rate, as well as pollution and lack of land or resources to produce enough plants or animals (Dell, 2004). The Energy Policy Act of 2005 addresses the issue of energy problems and offers benefits to anyone who has taken part in finding innovative ways to acquire energy. One of the provisions is to increase coal use but this comes with an addition of installing air polluting filters. From one perspective, this might seem like a good idea, as it is rather safe to use. It is important to keep in mind that the amount of coal is decreasing and there is no guarantee that people will be able to discover more. Also, the filtration systems that must be installed can prove quite costly and there is a possibility that plants and industrial companies will not install them at all or will cut corners. This option lacks control and input from everyone equally. Another proposition made by the act is the offering of loans to those who come up with new technologies, as well as tax breaks estimated in billions of dollars (Nazzaro, 2010). This is a rather attractive way to make sure people get involved in finding renewable sources of energy that are clean and efficient. It is evident that with the government’s involvement and the promised benefits, people will be more inclined to develop technology instrumental to clean energy use (Ghosh, 2011). Currently, there are technologies that have already proven to be important in clean energy production. Electric power and other energy sources have shown great potential. Nuclear ener gy may be much more beneficial to people and environment but it must be used with great care.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Fossil fuel, nuclear energy, and alternative power sources specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is evident that more safety procedures and preventative measures would have to be established, so that the risk is minimal to people and environment. Even though bioconversion, wind, hydro and solar energy sources are absolutely clean, they are unreliable and do not produce enough output. References Benduhn, T. (2008). Nuclear Power. Pleasantville, NY: Gareth Stevens. Dell, R. (2004). Clean Energy Cambrigde, United Kingdom: Royal Society of Chemistry. Ghosh, T. (2011). Energy Resources and Systems: Volume 2: Renewable Resources. New York, NY: Springer. Lawson, J. (2001). Conservation of Energy. Manitoba, Canada: Portage Main Press. Nazzaro, R. (2010). Energy Policy Act Of 2005. Darby, PA: DIANE Pub lishing. Niele, F. (2005). Energy: Engine of Evolution. San Diego, CA: Elsevier.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

BERNOULLIS EQUATION AND CONSERVATION OF MASS, ENERGY AND MOMENTUM Lab Report - 1

BERNOULLIS EQUATION AND CONSERVATION OF MASS, ENERGY AND MOMENTUM - Lab Report Example To find the flow rate you find the division between the volume and time taken to get 0.18kg/s. The percentage error was found to be 5.88% which is the rate of change of the theoretical value to the experimental value. The flow rate in the venture meter was established as shown in the calculation section. In the venture meter, the water is present in the three columns of manometers. The experiment did not matter if water was absent in every column. The two manometer columns were selected from where the measurements were taken. The diameters were recorded at the position where the manometer measured the static pressures. The heights of the fluids found in the manometer were recorded as shown in the calculation section. Using the application of the Bernoulli’s equation and the conservation of the mass at the two positions. The fluid velocity at the two positions in the systems were determined. The computed values were reported as the calculations and measurements were undertaken. Based on the taken velocity measurements, the mass flow rate was determined of the flow at the two sections. The values were then computed and calculated as shown below in the calculation sections. The mass flow rate was determined be the measurement of one liter. The determined values were determined and the calculations and measurements were taken. Comparing the two mass flow rate, they were not the same. The discrepancy is due to the difference in the diameter of the two pipes. The group members moved the Pitot tube from the paper’s upstream to a place downstream (Welty, 2001). Looking at the manometer connected to Pitot tube it was realized that the liquid in the pitot tube did not move. The Pitot tube is used to measure the total pressure. The main objective of the experiment was to determine the force on the target from the impinging water jet. The experiment illustrated one of the