Good Luck Trump and Friends - Free Essay Example

In light of the Cohen plea deal and the Manafort conviction, President Trump is in a precarious spot. Or is he? Better yet, is Trump closer to being impeached or are we just grasping at straws? Michael Cohen, Trumps former personal attorney, and Paul Manafort, Trumps former campaign chairman, have made headlines across the nation lately. On August 21, Cohen pleaded guilty on eight felony charges, including tax fraud and bank fraud, and was charged on violating election laws by engineering hush money payments to two women who claimed to have had affairs with Trump years back. Almost at the same moment, Manafort was convicted on eight counts and faces a maximum of 80 years in prison for five charges of tax fraud, one charge of hiding foreign bank accounts and two counts of bank fraud. This is a big deal. But what will it mean? To start, this Cohen-Manafort investigation is being run on two tracks: a political and legal track. The latter is wrapping up. The political one, however, just keeps ramping up. Perhaps the presidents impeachment depends on the Cohen plea deal and the Manafort investigation, along with special counsel, Robert Muellers Russia investigation report, which is expected to release later on this year. Right now, only Congress can decide which steps to take. But together, the Cohen plea deal, Manaforts conviction and Muellers investigation could point to the presidents political demise. Trump as a sitting president cannot be indicted, even though there is continuous debate about that. In order to bump Trump from office, the only path to take is impeachment. In the future, near or far, Congress could initiate impeachment procedures, that is if Democrats outnumber Republicans this year (which is very likely). A generic ballot from FiveThirtyEight, a website that focuses on political opinion analysis, politics and economics, shows that as of September 2, 2018, 48.8 percent of registered voters would support Democrats in a congressional election. For Republicans, 39.4 percent would support. In May of this year, The Economist revealed its 2018 election model. It gave Democrats a 65 percent chance of retaking House majority, pegging the party at 222 seats. It seems that the Democrats uphill House climb isnt as steep as everyone thought.Though these cases are closely related to Trump, there are still no charges against him yet. As this investigation continues to unfold, the truth is just waiting to hit newspaper headlines for the public in big, black, and bold letters, reading, Supreme Court finds Trump guilty of collusion. Its an administration mired in political scandal after political scandal, so there is no doubt that a negative conclusion is on the horizon. The suspicious and unscrupulous behavior in the White House should not be tolerated. As a constituent of this nation, I would like to be represented by an administration who focuses on the well-being of the people. A well-rounded president who respects all. After Trump, I hope for a competent and sophisticated successor. The future is hopeful for an impeachment. But with so many moving parts in this exhausting investigation, all we can do is wait and see.

The Style, Point of View, Form and Structure of Native...

Richard Wright, in his novel, Native Son, favors short, simple, blunt sentences that help maintain the quick narrative pace of the novel, at least in the first two books. For example, consider the following passage: He licked his lips; he was thirsty. He looked at his watch; it was ten past eight. He would go to the kitchen and get a drink of water and then drive the car out of the garage. Wrights imagery is often brutal and elemental, as in his frequently repeated references to fire and snow and Marys bloody†¦show more content†¦But Wright goesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; beyond merely presenting social data. At times Native Son seems morenbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; like a nightmare than like social science. Note that Wright was alsonbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; attracted to the horror and detective stories of Edgar Allan Poe.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;One of Wrights stated goals was to make readers feel the heatnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; of the Daltons furnace and the cold of a Chicago winter. But henbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; also makes the cold and heat symbols of the external forces alignednbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; against Bigger and of the powerful emotions raging within him. Othernbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp; patterns of imagery that appear throughout the novel include beastsnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; (the rat, Bigger as a hunted animal, Bigger portrayed in thenbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; newspapers as a gorilla); suffocation (the fire being choked out bynbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; the accumulated ashes, BiggersShow MoreRelated A Marxist Reading of Native Son Essay4809 Words   |  20 PagesA Marxist Reading of Native Son In the Communist Manifesto Karl Marx states clearly that history is a series of class struggles over the means of production. Whoever controls the means of production also controls society and is able to force their set of ideas and beliefs onto the lower class. The present dominant class ideology is, as it has been since the writing of the United States Constitution, the ideology of the upper-class, Anglo-Saxon male. Obviously, when the framers spoke of equalityRead MoreAnalysis Of James Wright s The Blues Essay2277 Words   |  10 Pagesnotes, Burke and Ellison had the closest intellectual and social relationship when Burke was writing A Rhetoric of Motives—and, I would add, when Ellison was writing Invisible Man. Crable points out that the Rhetoric is â€Å"the only one of Burke’s books to cite Ellison,† in large part because Ellison’s 1945 essay â€Å"Richard Wright’s Blues† (which called Wright’s just-released memoir Black Boy â€Å"a nonwhite intellectual’s statement of his relationship to western culture† that illuminates a â€Å"conflicting patternRead MoreSAT Top 30 Essay Evidence18536 Words   |  75 Pages........ 7 Sacajawea (Mysterious Native American Guide) ....................................................................................... 9 Artists, Authors, and Musicians: Bob Dylan (â€Å"The Prophet of Rock and Roll†) .......................................................................................... 11 Ernest Hemingway (Troubled, brilliant author and war reporter) ............................................................ 13 Frank Lloyd Wright (America’s legendary architect) .Read MoreASAM 5 Notes Essay6590 Words   |  27 Pagesstories are worthy of your time What is literature A James woods: Fiction is a creaseless experiment with uncollectable data An attempt to order data with the use of story Allows us to see the wholeness of a life we cannot see in our own life Forms: Realism, modernism, post modernism Froitzan on why he writes: I want to bring pleasure with everything I write†¦    On minority literature- Deleuze and Guattar: 3 features The deterriorializtion of a major language through a minor literatureRead MoreSummary of She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways11655 Words   |  47 Pageswhich, after all, might be an idle semi-fable, improved out of slight materials.[21] Critic Herbert Hartman believes Lucys name was taken from a neo-Arcadian commonplace, and argues she was not intended to represent any single person.[22] In the view of one Wordsworth biographer, Mary Moorman (1906–1994), The identity of Lucy has been the problem of critics for many years. But Wordsworth is a poet before he is a biographer, and neither Lucy nor her home nor his relations with her are necessarilyRead MoreBoyer Dbq Teacher Guide10764 Words   |  44 Pagesdiscussed in order to facilitate easy teacher reference. Students, of course, must link documents to their individual essay structures; they should not simply discuss them in the order they appear. DBQ 1: European Colonization of North America, to 1660 The supportive structure and small number of documents chosen for this question are intended to make this a good starting point for teaching students to write DBQ essays. The three criteria offered for consideration create a logical pattern of organizationRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesEnnis Barrington Edmonds The moral rights of the authors have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scopeRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 PagesVIEW Strategic Human Resource Management Taken from: Strategic Human Resource Management, Second Edition by Charles R. Greer Copyright  © 2001, 1995 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. A Pearson Education Company Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Compilation Copyright  © 2003 by Pearson Custom Publishing All rights reserved. This copyright covers material written expressly for this volume by the editor/s as well as the compilation itself. It does not cover the individual selections herein thatRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pages Division of Business Administration Baldwin-Wallace College Berea, Ohio John Wiley Sons, Inc. This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright O 2006 by John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, exceptRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesrights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle

Poverty Of The United States - 1663 Words

What is the reason for not ending the world-leading problem in the United States and in other countries? Are we capable of ending a monster that has taken the lives of children? Poverty is the monster that society worries about, especially the individuals who have to endure going days without eating and have to live in horrifying conditions. The United States has the world’s second highest poverty rate among children, and the children have no way of defeating it. Many different organizations, including the government, try to tackle and improve poverty rates. Yes, we have the technology and resources to terminate this problem, but the government is not fighting hard enough. Many people try to improve poverty rates among other things but†¦show more content†¦The lack of growth and development begin to occur when the body does not take in enough calcium. Calcium is very important part for the body to function because it has the function to keep bones strong and witho ut calcium the bones will become weak and break easily. Also, it will lead to stunted growth in the body and the person will not be able to grow properly. In addition, malnutrition can occur when children or the poor community does not get enough to eat and is requiring the need of nutritions and other minerals. Suffering from malnutrition will cause extensive amount of disease to manifest in the human body. Also, it will be harder for the body to fight off disease and people will become more vulnerable to catching different type of diseases. Pedro A Sanchez stated, â€Å"The death rate from diseases such as lower respiratory infection, malaria, and measles†¦Undernourished people infected with HIV/AIDS develop the full symptoms† (1). The poor population is longing for the access to healthy food in order to prevent terrible disease like this from occurring. It is very hard to treat and prevent these different variety of disease from happening without having the mone y to get the proper care and medical attention. Not only does malnutrition and not acquiring enough nutrients leads to theShow MoreRelatedThe Poverty Of The United States1727 Words   |  7 PagesPoverty defined by the American Heritage Dictionary is â€Å"lack of the means of providing material needs or comforts† (Hirokazu Yoshikawa, 2012). Poverty in the United States is an issue that is often times overlooked because the focus of poverty is on developing and struggling countries. People often think America does not experience poverty because it is such a thriving country. The problem with this is that America is indeed struggling with poverty: â€Å"there are currently 488 counties in America whereRead MoreThe Poverty Of The United States1548 Words   |  7 Pagescitizens in poverty has risen. Several organizations have been set up to help those who suffer from poverty and provide their everyday needs. There are always ways where a community can help eliminate the am ount of people suffering poverty. Government has an influence on how much money flow there is in the United States such as the FED, which was created to help maintain a stable monetary and financial system and control the money supply. People themselves can also help from falling into poverty, butRead MorePoverty Of The United States1408 Words   |  6 PagesWhen people hear the word poverty many people think of the bad connotations that come with it like, smelly homeless people that are crackheads and disease holders. Some people may even think they are uneducated or not hard working enough and rather ask for money instead of trying to get a job. Although a small portion of that may be true to some homeless people due to addictions on drugs and the toll it takes on their lives. The majority of homeless people are either veterans or immigrants, who findRead MorePoverty in the United States755 Words   |  4 PagesPoverty in the United States is getting in inferior quality every day and nothing is being done about it. Many people who want to help the poor, but no one knows exactly how to help them. A primary reason for people not taking action is because of lack of information that is provided about issues on poverty. Poverty is defined as the state of one who lacks a usual or socially acceptable amount of money or material possessions. According to the U.S. Census Bureau data released Tuesday September 13thRead MorePoverty Of The United States Essay1369 Words   |  6 PagesPoverty within the United States is defined as â€Å"having an income below a federally determined poverty threshold. † Poverty thresholds were developed by the United States government in the 60s. Over time these thresholds are adjusted to account for inflation; it is typical to adjust the poverty threshold levels annually. They represent the government’s estimate of the point below which a family has insufficient resources to meet their basic needs. Any family with le ss income than that establishedRead MoreThe Poverty Of The United States Essay1385 Words   |  6 Pages The Character of Poverty in America Poverty has always been a key factor in United States History. Ever sense Americas birth there have been groups affected by poverty, but the forms of the poverty that affected these groups have changed as well as the nature of poverty itself in the USA. The abolition of slavery, the forced assimilation of native Americans, and mass immigration changed character of poverty within the united states change due to an evolution from agriculture to industry and a changeRead MoreThe Poverty Of The United States1531 Words   |  7 Pagessuch dialog, topics on the increasing and rather consistent levels of poverty in some regions in America are touched on as well. Poverty is defined as a condition where one’s basics needs for food, clothing, and shelter are not being met (What Is Poverty? â€Å"). From sea to shining sea, more than 15 percent of the American population live in poverty, a total of people over 46 million. Many who live in poverty within the United States live in areas that were once thriving from the country’s economic growthRead MoreThe Poverty Of The United States1746 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is poverty? A question most Americans will not have to think twice before answering. Poverty is, of course, simply a lack of money. The views of a specific person will defer when politics or morals are introduced, however, the idea stays the same. Those in poverty are there because they have less money than what has been decided to be livable. Poverty has changed significantly over the last two hundred years in the United States, and yet, the measurement has hardly changed since it was createdRead MorePoverty Of The United States1475 Words   |  6 Pages â€Æ' Poverty in the United States is defined as a social problem. As outlined in the text, a social problem is â€Å"a condition that undermines the well-being of some or all members of a society and is usually a matter of public controversy†. It is easy to see that there is a large economic divide in the United States, but with only a small percentage of people in the highest income stratification and the vast majority struggling to get by, the majority of United States citizens agree that there is tooRead MorePoverty in the United States1061 Words   |  5 PagesThe Background of Poverty in America In the United States, there are about more than forty-six million people living in impoverished conditions today. Poverty is a major conflict issue in this country amongst people who are part of the lower class because American families always had a hard time making ends meet, even before the Great Recession began. Living in poverty puts them at a disadvantage because they have to choose between necessitates like health care, child care, and food in order to

Molecular Biology Genes & Diseases

Question: Discuss about theMolecular Biology for Genes Diseases. Answer: Introduction The insulin-like growth factor family consists of three peptide hormones that include insulin, IGF-1 and IGH-2. They have 50% of their amino acid sequences in common (Le Roith 1997). They play a critical role in growth, differentiation and metabolism in almost every cell of the human body. Due to its diverse and far reaching roles it has been associated with several diseases and disorders and is a potential target for therapeutic intervention (Forbes 2016). IGF signaling is associated with decreased cell death and increased cell proliferation. Activation of IGF-1R leads to the activation of two pathways, PI3K/AKT and Ras/MAPK. PI3K/AKT pathway ultimately leads to decreased apoptosis, increased glucose metabolism, increased protein synthesis. On the other hand Ras/MAPK pathway leads to increased cellular proliferation by activating different transcription factors, such as ELK1. Cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion have been related to the activation of IGF-1R in many studies previously (Sachdev and Yee 2007). Cancers in lung, breast, colon, prostate are showed to be associated with increased level of plasma IGF (Pollak, Schernhammer and Hankinson 2004). Other members of IGF pathway are also proved to be involved with malignancies. This provides a way to treat cancers via modulating IGF pathway and various ligands involved with it. Drug resistance by tumors is one of the critical conditions in new age cancer treatment. As IGF pathway is involved in cell proliferation it shows a new era of treating these kinds of situations. Many studies have shown that modulating IGF pathway has promising effect in these cases (Denduluri et al. 2015). Ovarian cancer is the fifth most frequent cause of cancer death in women. In nearly half of ovarian and breast cancer patients, RAB25 mRNAs were found to be selectivey overexpressed at stage 3 and 4 serous epitheli al ovarian cancers in comparison to other genes located in the amplified region. Decreased expression of two proteins BAK and BAX were found to be associated with an inhibition of apoptosis in such cells. Simultaneously activation of PI3K/AKT pathway provided potential mechanisms to employ the effects of RAB25 on tumor aggressiveness (Lee et al. 2015). Involvement of PI3k/AKT pathway in the RAB25 related tumor aggressiveness leads to the way to treatment by modulating this pathway. Recently various evidences show that IGF-1 promotes atherosclerotic plaque stability and consequently reduces atherosclerosis in animal models. IGF-1 induces reduction of oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, proinflammatory signaling, and endothelial dysfunction, that helps prevent the disease. Aging has been widely linked with increased vascular oxidative stress and certain vascular diseases (Barzilai et al. 2012). It has been postulated IGF-1 may play a crucial role on vascular aging processes. There are various evidences that IGF-1 exerts pleiotropic effects on the vasculature resulting in reduced vascular oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammatory signaling pathway (Higashi et al. 2012). By modulating IGF signaling disease related to stress or premature cell death or decreased cell death can be prevented in future. Further studies on signaling pathway of IGF show its potential role in regulation of autoimmune diseases. Though this area of treatment requires a lot more research and practical approaches, the role of IGF signaling is competent enough. Studies show that IGF-I can potentially protect animal models from developing insulin-deficient diabetes mellitus (Gao et al. 2011). On the contrary, patients with Graves disease have shown an overexpression of the IGF-1R in many cell types and antibodies against the receptor were prevalent in such patients. The frequency of IGF-IR positive B and T cells were found to be relatively high in patients with the disease. Hence, as IGF-1 and IGF-1R is found to be linked with the mentioned autoimmune disease modulation of the pathway might be a potential therapeutic target for managing the diseases and alleviating the health consequences (Smith 2010). The modulation of IGF pathway opens new ways to treat various diseases like different types of cancer, cellular stress-related diseases and immunological diseases also. It depends totally on massive research and practically showing the results on animal models to prove the modulation of IGF pathway actually showing some positive results. Comparative Genomic Hybridization: Comparative Genomic hybridization is a comparative study of two genomes by in situ hybridization technique that allows detection of differences in DNA sequences between the two genomes. Two genomes, one study and one reference genomes are differentially labeled after being denatured into single stranded DNA (Pinkel and Albertson 2005). These two genomes are then hybridized to normal metaphase spreads or to microarray. Ratio of the fluorescence intensity are then measured And plotted on a graphical manner. The graph can reveal locations of copy number changes in along the target chromosome or DNA sequences. It has been extensively used to identify genetic differences between normal cells and certain diseased cells mostly in cancer cell biology. It efficiently detects any gain or loss of genetic material in human genetic disorders by comparing the same with a reference genome, often a relevant normal cell genome. Primarily the effect of stable expression of Rab25, a hallmark of cancer has been assayed in all the parts of Figure 2. Other hallmarks that were also assayed were Bak and Bax nuclear proteins. Bak and Bax are two nuclear-encoded proteins that are capable of moving through mitochondrial membrane and induce cell death by apoptosis. Phosphorylation of AKT was also assayed during stable expression of Rab25 and in presence of RNAi. AKT or protein kinase B (PKB) is a protein kinase that plays key roles several cellular functions including apoptosis. Viral-mediated transduction is the most potent technique to produce stable cell lines with a overexpressing protein. Vectors are utilized for this purpose. Vectors are autonomously replicating DNA molecules that can be used to transfer DNA fragments to cells of interest. For transfecting mammalian cells, vectors derived from mammalian viruses are used that include Simian viruses (SV40), polyomavirus, herpesvirus and papovirus (Khan 2013). The Rab25 gene can be inserted into any one of the vector mentioned and the same gene can be transferred to an appropriate mammalian cell line by viral transfection. Mammalian cell lines that are extensively used for this purpose are HeLa, HEK293T, U2OS so on and so forth. Compared to transient transfection, stable transfected cell lines are produced to analyze impact of altered gene expression over a long time period. Generally, antibiotic resistance or fluorescent reporter cell markers are incorporated into plasmid or vector DNA to create selectio n criteria. Clonal Selection can be done by appropriate selection controls. The selected colony is used to produce monoclonal cell line development and consequently producing a stable cell line generation. The expression and stability is checked on a regular basis. The construct expression is then validated by qRT-PCR and/or Western blot techniques. Assay (e) was performed to evaluate the levels of Bak and Bax proteins in the four different ovarian cancer cell lines namely A2780 and hey and immortalized ovarian cancer cell lines T29 and T80 where there is overexpression of the protein Rab25. Bak protein levels are found to be lower in Rab25 expressing A2780, HEY and T29 cells as compared to pcDNA cells. In T80 cell lines Bak was overexpressed showing that Bak levels are regulated by other factors in certain cells. Bax levels were low in A2780 and Hey cells but not in T29 and T80 cells. In assay (f) Bak and Bax levels were measured in A2780 cells were Rab25 expression is downregulated by RNAi. The downregulation of Rab25 nullified Rab25 mediated inhibition of Bak and Bax and hence the two protein levels were found to be high in the cell lines. Bak and Bax are two nuclear proteins that can travel to mitochondrial outer membrane upon activation of relevant signaling pathway and is essential for mitochondrial permiabilisation during apoptosis (Dewson and Kluck 2009). These two proteins play a significant role in intrinsic apoptotic pathway in mammalian cells and as a result they have being extensively studied for therapeutic purposes to block apoptosis. Motility of cells where Rab25 is overexpressed or knocked down can be assayed by standard apoptotic assay methods. Cleavage of the genomic DNA into discrete fragments and consequently membrane disintegration are key features that occur during apoptosis and cell-mediated cytotoxicity. DNA cleavage being hallmark of apoptosis is often measured to assay apoptotic cell death. The DNA fragments can be assayed by ELISA quantification of histone-complexed DNA fragments. Furthermore, caspases are a class of protein that are expressed and involved in the early stages of apoptosis. Activation of the caspase proteins can be assay to determine the stage of apoptosis in a cell (Suzuki, Nakabayashi and Takahashi 2001). This can be done by in vitro enzyme assay or by detection of cleavage of an in vivo caspase substrate. Furthermore to assess the motility transwell migration assay can be performed to assess cell movement and migration. In Transwell migration assay there are two chambers; the cell s uspension placed on the upper chamber and chemoattractants are placed in the lower chamber. Cells that are motile will migrate through the membrane and get attached to the lower side of the upper chamber; non-migratory cells will remain on the upper chamber. The migratory cells can then be labeled and quantified to assess the motility of the cell lines with overexpressed and knocked out Rab25 protein. References Barzilai, N., Huffman, D.M., Muzumdar, R.H. and Bartke, A., 2012. The critical role of metabolic pathways in aging.Diabetes,61(6), pp.1315-1322. Denduluri, S.K., Idowu, O., Wang, Z., Liao, Z., Yan, Z., Mohammed, M.K., Ye, J., Wei, Q., Wang, J., Zhao, L. and Luu, H.H., 2015. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling in tumorigenesis and the development of cancer drug resistance.Genes Diseases,2(1), pp.13-25. Dewson, G. and Kluck, R.M., 2009. Mechanisms by which Bak and Bax permeabilise mitochondria during apoptosis.Journal of cell science,122(16), pp.2801-2808. Forbes, B.E., 2016. Two years in IGF research.Growth Hormone IGF Research. Gao, J., Chesebrough, J.W., Cartlidge, S.A., Ricketts, S.A., Incognito, L., Veldman-Jones, M., Blakey, D.C., Tabrizi, M., Jallal, B., Trail, P.A. and Coats, S., 2011. Dual IGF-I/IIneutralizing antibody MEDI-573 potently inhibits IGF signaling and tumor growth.Cancer research,71(3), pp.1029-1040. Higashi, Y., Sukhanov, S., Anwar, A., Shai, S.Y. and Delafontaine, P., 2012. Aging, atherosclerosis, and IGF-1.The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, p.gls102. Khan, K.H., 2013. Gene expression in mammalian cells and its applications.Adv Pharm Bull,3(2), pp.257-63. Lee, J.S., Kang, J.H., Boo, H.J., Hwang, S.J., Hong, S., Lee, S.C., Park, Y.J., Chung, T.M., Youn, H., Lee, S.M. and Kim, B.J., 2015. STAT3-mediated IGF-2 secretion in the tumour microenvironment elicits innate resistance to anti-IGF-1R antibody.Nature communications,6. Pinkel, D. and Albertson, D.G., 2005. Comparative genomic hybridization.Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet.,6, pp.331-354. Pollak, M.N., Schernhammer, E.S. and Hankinson, S.E., 2004. Insulin-like growth factors and neoplasia.Nature Reviews Cancer,4(7), pp.505-518. Sachdev, D. and Yee, D., 2007. Disrupting insulin-like growth factor signaling as a potential cancer therapy.Molecular cancer therapeutics,6(1), pp.1-12. Smith, T.J., 2010. Insulin-like growth factor-I regulation of immune function: a potential therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases?.Pharmacological reviews,62(2), pp.199-236. Suzuki, Y., Nakabayashi, Y. and Takahashi, R., 2001. Ubiquitin-protein ligase activity of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein promotes proteasomal degradation of caspase-3 and enhances its anti-apoptotic effect in Fas-induced cell death.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,98(15), pp.8662-8667.